Vapor-fed photoelectrolysis of water at 0.3 V using gas-diffusion photoanodes of SrTiO3 layers

Abstract

Large scale production of H₂ using renewable energy can be realized by photoelectrochemical (PEC) splitting of water vapor in the gas phase. Air humidity can be a water source for producing solar H₂. The concept is based on photoelectrochemistry in a gaseous environment using a proton exchange membrane (PEM) as a solid polymer electrolyte and a macroporous semiconductor electrode wrapped in a perfluorosulfonic acid ionomer. A prototype vapor-fed PEC cell using a TiO₂ gas-diffusion electrode as an O₂-evolving photoanode and a carbon-supported platinum catalyst cathode achieved water splitting to produce O₂ and H₂, which are physically separated from each other by the PEM. Herein, we demonstrate a PEM-PEC system consisting of a strontium titanate (SrTiO₃) nanocrystalline layer decorated on titanium microfiber felt to achieve overall water splitting into H₂ and O₂ at a ratio of 2 : 1 on each electrode at an applied voltage of only 0.3 V under gaseous conditions. In comparison with TiO₂ electrodes, the SrTiO₃ gas-diffusion electrode decreased the external voltage and suppressed the gradual decomposition of the ionomer coated on the photoanode. These differences are because of the cathodic shift of the photocurrent onset potential and improvement of the Faraday efficiency of O₂ evolution, respectively. The interface between the SrTiO₃ surface and the ionomer thin film exhibited fast kinetics for O₂ evolution from water adsorbates supplied from the gas phase and durability under ultraviolet light irradiation.