Interfacial and bulk properties of hole transporting materials in perovskite solar cells: spiro-MeTAD versus spiro-OMeTAD

Abstract

Two spiro-MeTAD compounds (1 and 2) were synthesized, characterized by experimental and quantum mechanical methods, and used as hole transporting materials (HTMs) in perovskite solar cells (PSCs). The new compounds differ from spiro-OMeTAD only by the presence of methyl substituents as compared to methoxy groups. This modification results in the absorption band blue shifting by ∼20 nm as compared to spiro-OMeTAD, increased glass transition temperature for 2, and reduced ionization potentials by 0.02–0.12 eV. Hole mobilities five times larger were obtained for spiro-MeTAD/spiro-MeTAD, which is maintained in the presence of additives. Despite this improvement, J–V measurements in PSCs resulted in a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 17.2% and 17.05% for 1 and 2 HTMs, respectively, as compared to 19.24% for spiro-OMeTAD. Photoluminescence measurements of perovskite:HTM layers indicate much stronger quenching in the case of spiro-OMeTAD/spiro-MeTAD. These results point to the dominant importance of the perovskite:HTM interfacial properties as compared to the HTM hole-transport properties in the bulk. Given that improved hole-mobility and energy-level alignment are the main targets of the current research efforts in this domain, our results alert to the necessity to prioritize the improvement of perovskite–HTM interaction properties.