Unexpected three-state hydrochromism of a donor–acceptor self-complex with fluctuations in relative humidity

Abstract

Water in our environment is ever present, particularly in our atmosphere, from which it may be adsorbed by materials hygroscopically. At the molecular level, the binding of water molecules to various materials is driven by weak interactions but can have profound effects on physical properties, including the donor–acceptor interactions in charge transfer (CT) salts. Herein we present the unexpected three-state hydrochromatic switching of a bipyridinium-based donor–acceptor self-complex with changes in relative humidity (RH) and subsequent stable hydrate formation. RH is typically an overlooked variable that can vary greatly. These findings suggest that care should be taken to consider fluctuations in RH when characterizing the solid state optical band gap and CT absorption bands for organic donor–acceptor CT salt complexes.