Direct imaging of electric field behavior in 2,7-diphenyl[1]benzothieno[3,2-b][1]benzothiophene organic field-effect transistors by sum-frequency generation imaging microscopy

Abstract

Sum-frequency generation imaging microscopy combined with compressive-sensing (CS-SFG) is a powerful micro-spectroscopic technique for probing interfaces and surfaces with a spatial resolution where contrast is based on the chemical functional groups. We reported the use of the CS-SFG technique to probe the electric field due to charge accumulation and the internal electric field in operating organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) with the aluminum oxide and octadecylphosphonic acid (ODPA) self-assembled monolayer as the gate dielectric layer and 2,7-diphenyl[1]benzothieno[3,2-b][1]benzothiophene (DPh-BTBT) as the semiconductor layer. In addition, the electric field behavior was discussed by a difference in the electric field induced SFG intensity between the open-circuit and the voltage application conditions. The SFG peak of CH stretching mode derived from methyl groups of ODPA and phenyl groups of DPh-BTBT could be observed at each interface of ODPA/DPh-BTBT or DPh-BTBT/Au, respectively. Moreover, the electric field induced SFG coming from ODPA/DPh-BTBT shows the presence of intense electric field due to charge injection and accumulation near the drain and source electrode edges under the operation of OFETs. Our studies show that the electric field-induced SFG imaging technique is useful for probing the local electric field distribution or charge accumulation behavior in OFETs under operating conditions.