Recent advances in ultra-low temperature (sub-zero to 100 °C) synthesis, mechanism and applications of titania (TiO2) nanoparticles

Abstract

The development of titania (TiO₂) nanomaterials for next-generation photonic, optoelectronic, and catalytic applications necessitates a facile and cost-effective synthetic methodology for precisely tuning the composition, phase, and morphology at nanometer scales. In this review, an attempt has been made to comprehend the progress of the emerging and rapidly developing synthesis methods evolved for the low-temperature synthesis of titania with a particular emphasis on sub-zero temperature. Insights and understandings of how the temperature affects the characteristic surface properties and morphology of titania, along with a detailed discussion on the material characteristics for various technological device applications are dealt with various methods of analysis. Furthermore, the temperature-dependent morphological (0D–3D) and structural changes and their impact on different energy-harvesting and storage and water remediation applications are elucidated. Thus, this review specifically opens the understanding of different TiO₂ polymorph syntheses and their physiochemical comprehension for advanced technological device performance enhancement.