Visible-light-driven cuprous oxide nanomotors with surface-heterojunction-induced propulsion

Abstract

The controllable synthesis and customized design of micro/nanomotors represents a highly desired paradigm in the field of intelligent nanovehicles. Exploiting asymmetrical structures and geometry-dependent propulsion are the two main strategies for achieving light-driven micro/nanomotors. However, inherent crystal-structure differences in a single colloidal motor have rarely been explored. Here, we propose the first surface-heterojunction-induced propulsion methodology for cuprous oxide (Cu₂O) nanomotors, by tailoring the crystal morphology of a Cu₂O crystalloid from a sphere into a truncated octahedron and preserving the controllable-index crystal facets of {100} and {111} in a single colloid. Due to the high crystallinity and distinct activity of the exposed crystal facets, a surface heterojunction between the {100} and {111} facets is formed to enhance electron–hole separation, as confirmed by density functional theory (DFT) calculations, thus endowing the truncated octahedral Cu₂O nanomotors with autonomous and vigorous movement in biocompatible fuels under visible light. These Cu₂O nanomotors can reach a propulsion speed in water of over two times faster than that of polycrystalline spherical motors with low crystallinity. The efficient Cu₂O nanomotors offer a promising guideline not only for the synthesis of novel light-driven motors with desired structures, but also for potential applications in biocompatible environments.