Mechanistic study of photocatalytic CO2 reduction using a Ru(ii)–Re(i) supramolecular photocatalyst

Abstract

Supramolecular photocatalysts comprising [Ru(diimine)₃]²⁺ photosensitiser and fac-[Re(diimine)(CO)₃{OC(O)OC₂H₄NR₂}] catalyst units can be used to reduce CO₂ to CO with high selectivity, durability and efficiency. In the presence of triethanolamine, the Re catalyst unit efficiently takes up CO₂ to form a carbonate ester complex, and then direct photocatalytic reduction of a low concentration of CO₂, e.g., 10% CO₂, can be achieved using this type of supramolecular photocatalyst. In this work, the mechanism of the photocatalytic reduction of CO₂ was investigated applying such a supramolecular photocatalyst, RuC2Re with a carbonate ester ligand, using time-resolved visible and infrared spectroscopies and electrochemical methods. Using time-resolved spectroscopic measurements, the kinetics of the photochemical formation processes of the one-electron-reduced species RuC2(Re)⁻, which is an essential intermediate in the photocatalytic reaction, were clarified in detail and its electronic structure was elucidated. These studies also showed that RuC2(Re)⁻ is stable for 10 ms in the reaction solution. Cyclic voltammograms measured at various scan rates besides temperature and kinetic analyses of RuC2(Re)⁻ produced by steady-state irradiation indicated that the subsequent reaction of RuC2(Re)⁻ proceeds with an observed first-order rate constant of approximately 1.8 s⁻¹ at 298 K and is a unimolecular reaction, independent of the concentrations of both CO₂ and RuC2(Re)⁻.