Glucose oxidase and Fe3O4/TiO2/Ag3PO4 co-embedded biomimetic mineralization hydrogels as controllable ROS generators for accelerating diabetic wound healing

Abstract

The hyperglycemic environment and the presence of bacterial infections delay the healing of diabetic wounds. Herein, glucose oxidase (GOx) and Fe₃O₄/TiO₂/Ag₃PO₄ were embedded in a polyacrylic acid-calcium phosphate (PAA-CaPs@Nps@GOx) hydrogel through an in situ biomimetic mineralization approach. The GOx encapsulation efficiency was 96.75% and exhibited exceptional enzyme activity stability. Moreover, the co-immobilization of GOx and Fe₃O₄/TiO₂/Ag₃PO₄ nanoparticles generated a simple and multifunctional antibacterial platform with the advantages of decreasing blood glucose concentration and efficiently producing reactive oxygen species (ROS). In addition, the degradation rate of the hydrogel was controlled by regulating the concentration of phosphate thus controlling the release of Fe₃O₄/TiO₂/Ag₃PO₄ and GOx. As a result, both the potential toxicity and oxidative stress associated with the antimicrobial biomaterial can be controlled within the body therefore potentially preventing detriment. In vivo results indicated that the PAA-CaPs@Nps@GOx hydrogel effectively promoted diabetic wound healing and showed great potential for clinical applications of chronic wound management.