Fe-Doped polydopamine nanoparticles with peroxidase-mimicking activity for the detection of hypoxanthine related to meat freshness

Abstract

Rapid and accurate monitoring of food freshness to provide consumers with high-quality meat continues to be of tremendous importance to the food industry. In this report, an efficient Fe-doped polydopamine (Fe-PDA) nanozyme with peroxidase-mimicking activity was synthesized by a high-temperature hydrothermal method, and was applied to a spectrophotometric sensing system, which successfully reports the concentration of hypoxanthine (Hx) related to meat freshness. The Fe-PDA nanozyme showed excellent peroxidase simulation activity, which was primarily verified by steady-state kinetics experiments. In the presence of xanthine oxidase (XOD), Hx can react quantitatively with dissolved O₂ to generate H₂O₂, which can be further catalyzed and produce hydroxyl radicals (•OH) under acidic conditions via the Fe-PDA nanozyme and oxidize colorless TMB to blue oxTMB with absorbance at 653 nm. The absorbance at 653 nm expressed a clear linear relationship with hypoxanthine concentration in the range of 5.13–200 μM, and the detection limit was 1.54 μM. This method was further assessed by measuring the recovery of Hx added to meat samples, which showed promising accuracy. Overall, the developed Fe-PDA nanozyme with excellent peroxidase-mimicking activity is cost-effective, high-performance and easy to produce, offering an efficient and low-cost sensing system based on spectrophotometry for meat freshness determination as an alternative to conventional methods.