The reduction reaction of carbon dioxide on a precise number of Fe atoms anchored on two-dimensional biphenylene

Abstract

In recent accomplishments, a new two-dimensional allotrope of carbon–biphenylene (BP) was experimentally synthesized [Fan et al., Science, 372, 852–856 (2021)]. The BP sheet is composed of four-, six-, and eight-membered carbon rings constructed using periodically arranged sp²-hybridized carbon atoms. Unlike semi-metallic graphene, BP is metallic with quite active atoms and chemical bonds, and the binding strength with reaction intermediates will be enhanced, which means that it may exhibit good catalytic activity in some electrochemical catalytic reactions. Using spin-polarized density functional theory based on first-principles simulations and ab initio molecular dynamic calculations, we systematically investigated the structure, thermodynamic stability, CO₂ reduction reaction (CO₂RR) activity and product selectivity of a precise number of Fe_n (n = 1–3) atoms embedded on a BP monolayer. The calculated results indicate that our designed Fe₁@BP, Fe₂@BP and Fe₃@BP complexes possess good thermodynamic and electrochemical stabilities and strong absorption for CO₂, which promotes the activation of CO₂. Furthermore, the Fe₂@BP catalyst possesses good catalytic ability for the CO₂RR to CH₃OH due to a small rate determining potential of −0.48 V. In addition, Fe₂- and Fe₃@BP catalysts demonstrate superior catalytic performance for the CO₂RR to CH₄ with low rate-limiting steps. More importantly, both the Fe₂ and Fe₃@BP catalysts can effectively suppress the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) during the entire CO₂RR process. The electronic structure analysis shows that the enhanced ability of Fe_1–3@BP catalysts for effective CO₂ reduction can be attributed to the establishment of strong hybridization between Fe–3d and O–2p or C–2p states, which is conducive to the transfer of strong electrons to the anti-bond orbital of CO₂. This work provides an in-depth insight into the intrinsic catalytic mechanisms of the CO₂RR on Fe_1–3@BP catalysts, and highlights the excellent performance of the BP sheet as a substrate material for the polyatomic catalyst.