Evaluation of the effect of a cell penetrating peptide (TAT) towards tailoring the targeting efficacy and tumor uptake of porphyrin

Abstract

Cell penetrating peptides (CPPs) are known to possess a unique capacity to penetrate biological membranes and translocate various molecules into the cells. Therefore, porphyrin–CPP conjugates could be envisaged to boost the intracellular delivery of porphyrins thereby providing an improved tool for the development of agents for multi-modal applications for cancer management. Working in this direction, an unsymmetrically substituted porphyrin derivative was conjugated with a transactivating transcriptional activator peptide (TAT) and various in vitro and in vivo studies were carried out in order to study the effect of adding a CPP to the porphyrin derivative. MTT assay revealed the preferential light dependent toxicity of the porphyrin derivative which was further enhanced upon peptide conjugation. Fluorescence and flow cytometry studies revealed the relatively higher cellular internalization of the porphyrin–TAT conjugate in comparison with the porphyrin derivative. The elevated light dependent cell toxicity of the porphyrin–TAT conjugate along with its capability of generating cytotoxic singlet oxygen indicated the advantages of using the porphyrin–TAT conjugate for PDT applications. Also, porphyrin and the porphyrin–peptide conjugate were radiolabelled with ⁶⁸Ga to investigate their possible potential as PET agents. In vivo biodistribution studies revealed a higher tumor uptake for the ⁶⁸Ga-porphyrin–TAT conjugate (6.32 ± 1.24% IA per g) than for ⁶⁸Ga-porphyrin (2.45 ± 0.88% IA per g) at 60 min post-administration. However, the observation of a higher non-target retention of the radiolabelled agents during in vivo studies might pose a limitation on their possible application in PET imaging.