DFT insights into superelectrophilic activation of α,β-unsaturated nitriles and ketones in superacids

Abstract

Superelectrophilic activation of α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds and their isoelectronic analogs, proceeding normally under superacidic conditions, have led to a great variety of beneficial synthetic transformations. However, the essence of such activation is not yet fully recognized, while a number of alternative views on the subject have been discussed at length in the literature. Here, taking the example of virtual reactions of cinnamonitrile and benzalacetone with benzene, their feasible mechanistic variants, including multiple protonation (coordination to AlCl₃) of the reactants, were analyzed based on density functional theory (DFT). It is revealed that the most plausible reaction pathways involve the initial N- or O-protonation (coordination to AlCl₃) of the activated compounds followed by subsequent protonation on the α-C-atom. Dicationic superelectrophiles thus formed ensure practically barrier-free reactions with benzene in addition to a more favorable energetic profile of their generating, which is in marked contrast to other potential reaction pathways.