A simple but novel glycymicelle ophthalmic solution based on two approved drugs empagliflozin and glycyrrhizin: in vitro/in vivo experimental evaluation for the treatment of corneal alkali burns

Abstract

A simple but novel ophthalmic solution based on two approved drugs was developed to reposition existing drugs to treat new diseases. This nanoformulation was developed using the phytochemical drug glycyrrhizin as an amphiphilic nanocarrier to micellarly solubilize empagliflozin (EMP), an oral drug that is widely used to control high blood glucose but has poor water solubility. This novel nanoformulation, which we designated the EMP@glycymicelle ophthalmic solution, was obtained using a simple preparation process. The resulting solution was a clear solution with an EMP encapsulation efficiency of 97.91 ± 0.50%, a small glycymicelle size of 6.659 ± 0.196 nm, and a narrow polydispersity index of 0.226 ± 0.059. The optimized formulation demonstrated that EMP was soluble in water up to 18 mg ml⁻¹ because of its encapsulation within glycymicelles. The EMP@glycymicelle ophthalmic solution exhibited excellent characteristics, including good storage stability, fast in vitro release profiles, improved in vitro antioxidant activity, and no ocular irritation. Ocular permeation evaluation showed that the EMP@glycymicelle ophthalmic solution had strong ocular permeation of EMP, and it reached the posterior segment of mouse eyes after ocular topical administration. The treatment efficacy evaluation showed that the EMP@glycymicelle ophthalmic solution had a significant effect against corneal alkali burns in mice, prompting corneal wound healing, recovering corneal sensitivity, reducing corneal haze, and relieving corneal NV invasion. The mechanism of inhibiting HMGB1 signaling was involved in this strong treatment effect. These results indicated that the EMP@glycymicelle ophthalmic solution provided a new concept of drug repurposing and a promising ocular system for the nano-delivery of EMP with significantly improved in vivo profiles.