Engineering the NASICON electrolyte/Na anode interface with amorphous bismuth oxide for sodium batteries

Abstract

Amorphous BiO_x, prepared on the surface of NASICON electrolyte by the photochemical metal–organic deposition method, can substantially improve the interfacial properties at the anode side. The Na symmetric cell delivers a critical current density of 1.2 mA cm⁻² and cycles stably at 0.5 mA cm⁻² for 1000 h at 30 °C.