Optical and X-ray attenuation properties of hafnium oxide nanoparticles surface functionalized with fucoidan: toward the early diagnosis of atherothrombotic diseases

Abstract

Atherothrombosis is the main cause of death worldwide. An early diagnosis of this pathology is necessary to avoid serious clinical events. In this study, we report hafnium oxide nanoparticles (HfO₂ NPs) designed as a CT contrast agent for an emerging imaging technology named spectral photon counting computed tomography (SPCCT). SPCCT allows the specific detection and quantification of the contrast agent concentration, according to its K-edge. HfO₂ NPs were surface functionalized with fucoidan, a sulfated polysaccharide that has high affinity for P-selectin considered as a glycoprotein biomarker in atherothrombosis, and citrate ions as a control ligand. The physicochemical characterization of fucoidan coated HfO₂ NPs (HfO₂@fucoidan NPs) was finely studied, and the influence of the coating agent on the UV absorption and photoluminescence properties was evidenced. The in vitro flow adhesion assay showed the specific binding of HfO₂@fucoidan NPs to activated platelets under arterial flow. These NPs showed excellent biocompatibility on the HUVEC cell line and the enhancement of cell viability. Phantoms performed with SPCCT show that the value of the attenuation rate (A. R.) of HfO₂@fucoidan NPs (27 HU ml mg⁻¹) is greater (×1.7) than that of HfO₂@citrate NPs (17 HU ml mg⁻¹). A good correlation between the measured concentration and the references was obtained. These synthesized HfO₂@fucoidan NPs appear as a new candidate for X-ray imaging for the molecular-scale diagnosis of atherothrombosis.