Dynamic-self-catalysis as an accelerated air-cathode for rechargeable near-neutral Zn–air batteries with ultrahigh energy efficiency

Abstract

Neutral/near-neutral electrolyte rechargeable zinc–air batteries (NN-ZABs) with long cycling lifetime are an evolutionary design of the conventional alkaline ZABs, but the extremely sluggish kinetics of oxygen electrocatalysis in mild pH solutions in the air-cathode has notably affected the energy efficiency of the NN-ZABs. Herein, we present a dynamic self-catalysis as the air-cathode chemistry to boost the energy efficiency of NN-ZABs, which is based on in situ reversible generation of highly active electrocatalysts from the electrolyte during the discharge and charge operations of ZABs, respectively. Two reversible redox reactions of Cu(I)/Cu(II) and Mn(II)/Mn(IV) in the NH₄Cl–ZnCl₂-based electrolyte are integrated with oxygen electrocatalysis in the air-cathode to in situ generate Cu(I)–O–Cl deposits during discharging and Cu–MnO₂ deposits during charging, which directly catalyze the subsequent oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER), respectively. The in situ generated electrocatalysts deliver good oxygen electrocatalytic activities due to their distinctive surface structures and can be dissolved by potential reversal in a subsequent battery operation. The NN-ZAB designed as such delivers a record-high energy efficiency of 69.0% and a cycling life of 1800 h with an areal capacity of 10 mA h cm⁻², surpassing the performances of NN-ZABs with preloaded electrocatalysts reported to date.