Effective synthesis, development and application of a highly fluorescent cyanine dye for antibody conjugation and microscopy imaging

Abstract

An asymmetric cyanine-type fluorescent dye was designed and synthesized via a versatile, multi-step process, aiming to conjugate with an Her2+ receptor specific antibody by an azide–alkyne click reaction. The aromaticity and the excitation and relaxation energetics of the fluorophore were characterized by computational methods. The synthesized dye exhibited excellent fluorescence properties for confocal microscopy, offering efficient applicability in in vitro imaging due to its merits such as a high molar absorption coefficient (36 816 M⁻¹ cm⁻¹), excellent brightness, optimal wavelength (627 nm), larger Stokes shift (26 nm) and appropriate photostability compared to cyanines. The conjugated cyanine–trastuzumab was constructed via an effective, metal-free, strain-promoted azide–alkyne click reaction leading to a regulated number of dyes being conjugated. This novel cyanine-labelled antibody was successfully applied for in vitro confocal imaging and flow cytometry of Her2+ tumor cells.