Stochastic platform based on calix[6]arene and TiO2-modified reduced graphene oxide electrode for on-site determination of nonivamide in pharmaceutical and water samples

Abstract

Using a detection platform based on an integrated sensor constructed by modifying TiO₂ and reduced graphene oxide paste with calix[6]arene, a novel stochastic approach for both quantitative and qualitative analysis of nonivamide in pharmaceuticals and water samples has been developed. A wide analytical range of 1.00 × 10⁻¹⁸ to 1.00 × 10⁻¹ mol L⁻¹ was obtained with the stochastic detection platform for nonivamide determination. A very low limit of quantification of 1.00 × 10⁻¹⁸ mol L⁻¹ was reached for this analyte. The platform was successfully tested on real samples, respectively, on topical pharmaceutical dosage form and surface water samples. The samples were analyzed without pretreatment in the case of pharmaceutical ointment or under minimal preliminary processing for surface waters proving a facile, rapid, and reliable method. Moreover, being portable, the developed detection platform is adequate for on-site analysis in various sample matrices.