Enhanced sensing performance of carbaryl pesticide by employing a MnO2/GO/e-Ag-based nanoplatform: role of graphene oxide as an adsorbing agent in the SERS analytical performance

Abstract

A functional ternary substrate was developed for surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) sensing systems. MnO₂ nanosheets were synthesized by a simple and controllable hydrothermal method, followed by the integration of graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets. Subsequently, MnO₂/GO nanostructures were decorated with plasmonic Ag nanoparticles (e-AgNPs). The MnO₂/GO/e-Ag substrate could enhance the SERS sensing signal for organic chemicals without the assistance of chemical bonds between those analytes and the semiconductor within the ternary substrate, which have been proven to promote charge transfer and elevate the SERS enhancement in previous studies. Instead, GO nanosheets acted as a carpet also supporting the MnO₂ nanosheets and e-AgNPs to form a porous structure, allowing the analytes to be well-adsorbed onto the ternary substrate, which improved the sensing performance of the SERS platform, compared to pure e-AgNPs, MnO₂/e-Ag, and GO/e-Ag alone. The GO content in the nanocomposite was also considered to optimize the SERS substrate. With the most optimal GO content of 0.1 wt%, MnO₂/GO/e-Ag-based SERS sensors could detect carbaryl, a pesticide, at concentrations as low as 1.11 × 10⁻⁸ M in standard solutions and 10⁻⁷ M in real tap water and cucumber extract.