Mechanochemically assisted morphing of shape shifting polymers

Abstract

Morphing in creatures has inspired various synthetic polymer materials that are capable of shape shifting. The morphing of polymers generally relies on stimuli-active (typically heat and light active) units that fix the shape after a mechanical load-based shape programming. Herein, we report a strategy that uses a mechanochemically active 2,2′-bis(2-phenylindan-1,3-dione) (BPID) mechanophore as a switching unit for mechanochemical morphing. The mechanical load on the polymer triggers the dissociation of the BPID moiety into stable 2-phenylindan-1,3-dione (PID) radicals, whose subsequent spontaneous dimerization regenerates BPID and fixes the temporary shapes that can be effectively recovered to the permanent shapes by heating. A greater extent of BPID activation, through a higher BPID content or mechanical load, leads to higher mechanochemical shape fixity. By contrast, a relatively mechanochemically less active hexaarylbiimidazole (HABI) mechanophore shows a lower fixing efficiency when subjected to the same programing conditions. Another control system without a mechanophore shows a low fixing efficiency comparable to the HABI system. Additionally, the introduction of the BPID moiety also manifests remarkable mechanochromic behavior during the shape programing process, offering a visualizable indicator for the pre-evaluation of morphing efficiency. Unlike conventional mechanical mechanisms that simultaneously induce morphing, such as strain-induced plastic deformation or crystallization, our mechanochemical method allows for shape programming after the mechanical treatment. Our concept has potential for the design of mechanochemically programmable and mechanoresponsive shape shifting polymers.