Crosslinked hybrid polymer/ceramic composite coatings for the controlled release of clindamycin

Abstract

A major risk associated with surgery, including bone tissue procedures, is surgical site infection. It is one of the most common as well as the most serious complications of modern surgery. A helpful countermeasure against infection is antibiotic therapy. In the present study, a methodology has been developed to obtain clindamycin-modified polymer–ceramic hybrid composite coatings for potential use in bone regenerative therapy. The coatings were prepared using a UV-light photocrosslinking method, and the drug was bound to a polymeric and/or ceramic phase. The sorption capacity of the materials in PBS was evaluated by determining the swelling ability and equilibrium swelling. The influence of the presence of ceramics on the amount of liquid bound was demonstrated. The results were correlated with the rate of drug release measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Coatings with higher sorption capacity released the drug more rapidly. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging was carried out comparing the surface area of the coatings before and after immersion in PBS, and the proportions of the various elements were also determined using the EDS technique. Changes in surface waviness were observed, and chlorine ions were also determined in the samples before incubation. This proves the presence of the drug in the material. The in vitro tests conducted indicated the release of the drug from the biomaterials. The antimicrobial efficacy of the coatings was tested against Staphylococcus aureus. The most promising material was tested for cytocompatibility (MTT reduction assay) against the mouse fibroblast cell line L929 as well as human osteoblast cells hFOB. It was demonstrated that the coating did not exhibit cytotoxicity. Overall, the results signaled the potential use of the developed polymer–ceramic hybrid coatings as drug carriers for the controlled delivery of clindamycin in bone applications. The studies conducted were the basis for directing samples for further in vivo experiments determining clinical efficacy.