Flexible piezo-resistive strain sensors using all-polydimethylsiloxane based hybrid nanocomposites for wearable electronics

Abstract

We report flexible piezo-resistive strain sensors composed of silver nanoparticle (Ag NP), graphene nanoplatelet (GNP), and multi walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)-based ternary conductive hybrid nanocomposites as an active sensing layer fabricated using a simple solution processing method on flexible polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrates. The electrical characteristics have been studied in PDMS-based flexible devices having three different kinds of structures, namely Ag NPs/MWCNT/PDMS, GNP/PDMS and Ag NPs/GNP/PDMS. The microscopic analysis of the hybrid nanocomposites is undertaken using field emission scanning electron microscopy. The diameter of the CNTs is found to be in the range of 20–40 nm, whereas the length is determined to be 100–800 nm. The average diameter and length of the GNPs are observed to be 30–50 nm and 100–500 nm, respectively. The crystallite size of the silver nanoparticles in the Ag NPs/MWCNT/PDMS and Ag NPs/GNP/PDMS-based nanocomposites is determined to be 22.8 nm and 29.1 nm, respectively. The prepared sample of Ag NPs shows four distinct peaks in the X-ray diffraction pattern, which correspond to the (111), (200), (220), and (311) face-centered cubic (FCC) crystalline planes. Raman spectroscopy is undertaken to study the fundamental physical properties and chemical analysis of the nanocomposites. Ag NPs/GNP/PDMS-based sensors exhibit superior performance in terms of sensitivity, response and recovery time during breathing/unbreathing analysis. The large surface area of the Ag NPs and GNPs promotes uniform distribution of Ag NPs to fill into the porous GNP surface, thereby facilitating high contact area along with better electron transport in the Ag NPs/GNP/PDMS hybrid nanocomposite-based sensors. The gauge factor (GF), response and recovery time of the Ag NPs/GNP/PDMS hybrid nanocomposite-based sensors are determined to be 221, 130 ms and 119 ms, respectively. The ternary conductive nanocomposite-based sensors are free from the drawbacks of binary nanocomposite-based sensors where the high percolation threshold and poor mechanical behaviour lead to the degradation of the device performance.