Carbon Dioxide Refinery: Critical Review of Valorisation Processes into Sustainable Higher Alcohol Production

Abstract

CO2 refineries, envisioned as future innovation hubs, will transform carbon dioxide from a liability into a valuable asset, replacing crude oil as the primary feedstock. These refineries represent a major shift in combating climate change by converting CO2 into fuels, chemicals, and materials, aiding net zero targets alongside renewable energy and green hydrogen. Higher alcohols, especially C2-4OH, are crucial in modern society and are largely produced from sugar fermentation or petroleum refining. Nonetheless, higher alcohol production utilizing CO2 is the most cost-effective and environmentally friendly method, despite challenges like breaking the stable C-O bond and complex reaction routes. This review explores advancements in CO2 hydrogenation for higher alcohol production, analyzing direct and indirect routes, thermodynamic parameters, and progress with various catalysts. By comparing these processes, it aims to inspire innovative designs, making CO2 refineries a symbol of converging science and sustainability to combat climate change and drive economic growth.