Synthesis and cellular uptake of neutral rhenium(i) morpholine complexes

Abstract

Morpholine motifs have been used extensively as targeting moieties for lysosomes, primarily in fluorescence imaging agents. Traditionally these imaging agents are based on organic molecules which have several shortcomings including small Stokes shifts, short emission lifetimes, and susceptibility to photobleaching. To explore alternative lysosome targeting imaging agents we have used a rhenium based phosphorescent platform which has been previously demonstrated to have an improved Stokes shift, a long lifetime emission, and is highly photostable. Rhenium complexes containing morpholine substituted ligands were designed to accumulate in acidic compartments. Two of the three complexes prepared exhibited bright emission in cells, when incubated at low concentrations (20 μM) and were non-toxic at concentrations as high as 100 μM, making them suitable for live cell imaging. We show that the rhenium complexes are amenable to chemical modification and that the morpholine targeted derivatives can be used for live cell confocal fluorescence imaging of endosomes–lysosomes.