Polyaniline (PANI) nanocomposites with Se, Te and their metal chalcogenides: a review

Abstract

Research over the past four decades on polyaniline has matured, and consequently it has become one of the most popular conducting polymers. Also, several methods have been proposed by researchers for the synthesis and conversion of polyaniline (PANI) to various forms as well as its doping with chalcogens especially selenium (Se) and tellurium (Te). These composites have been explored using various chemical methods and their different properties have been extensively studied in terms of electrical, thermal, morphological and optical behaviour. This review summarizes the results from research experiments, including their synthesis and characterization, and the study of their various properties such as DC conductivity measurements, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, field emission studies, EMI shielding behaviour, and electrochemical, supercapacitive, optoelectronic and thermoelectric properties. The incorporation of chalcogens in PANI leads to a significant improvement in its electrical conductivity and field emission properties, making the resulting nanocomposites promising materials for various electronic applications. The global energy crisis underscores the need for innovative materials for the production of energy. In this case, solution-based polymer thermoelectric (TE) technologies offer an eco-friendly and cost-effective approach to convert heat into electricity. The successful electrodeposition of tellurium films onto phenolic foam with PANI coatings and the synthesis of novel PANI/Te nanocomposites with enhanced nonlinear optical properties open up new avenues. These nanocomposites were prepared using different methods including simultaneous electrochemical reactions, in situ polymerization, and interfacial polymerization.