Fluorescent probes for formaldehyde based on formaldehyde-promoted C–N cleavage of azanyl carbamates

Abstract

Formaldehyde (FA) is an endogenous one-carbon metabolite and an environmental pollutant and carcinogen. Elevated FA levels are associated with many diseases. Methods for the convenient and in situ detection of FA levels are of great significance for understanding FA's biofunctions and signalling pathways. Herein, the NAP-FAP2 series of fluorescent probes for FA detection were developed based on FA-promoted C–N cleavage of 3-nitrophenylazanyl N-arylcarbamate via FA-induced intramolecularity, where the aryl group is the fluorophore 1,8-naphthalimide-4-yl. The 3-nitrophenylazanyl containing reactive group also functions as a fluorescence quenching group via a photo-induced electron transfer mechanism to generate turn-on fluorescence response upon reaction with FA. The probes were applied to explore FA level changes in erastin-induced ferroptosis, and it was found that the FA level increases intracellularly, but not in the endoplasmic reticulum, suggesting that the FA level increases in ferroptosis are not derived from lipid peroxidation.