Insights into structure, morphology and conductivity of the earth-abundant NASICON phosphate, Na4MnFe(PO4)3

Abstract

Phosphate-based NASICON materials are an excellent candidate for both electrode and solid electrolyte materials in sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). The development of new NASICON materials with higher ionic and electronic conductivities based on low cost and abundant elements is necessary for advancement of SIBs. In this study, we report the structure, morphology and conductivity of the earth-abundant Mn/Fe-based NASICON phosphate Na₄MnFe(PO₄)₃. Pure phase powders were synthesized by solution-assisted solid-state reaction, sol–gel and Pechini methods. From refined X-ray diffraction data, the prepared phosphate was found to crystallize in trigonal symmetry with space group Rc. The effect of synthesis method on microstructure and conductivity was investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and impedance measurements. Smaller particle size and regular distribution of the powder was designed using a Pechini route. Impedance measurement showed a notable enhancement in conductivity, from 0.543 × 10⁻⁷ to 1.52 × 10⁻⁷ S cm⁻¹ at 30 °C, when the powder synthesis method was altered from a solution-assisted solid-state reaction to the Pechini route, highlighting the remarkable effect of the synthesis method on conductivity.