Graphene-wrapped yolk–shell of silica-cobalt oxide as high-performing anode for lithium-ion batteries

Abstract

Silica (SiO₂) shows promise as anode material for lithium-ion batteries due to its low cost, comparable lithium storage discharge potential and high theoretical capacity (approximately 1961 mA h g⁻¹). However, it is plagued by issues of low electrochemical activity, low conductivity and severe volume expansion. To address these challenges, we initially coat SiO₂ with CoO, followed by introducing SiO₂@CoO into graphene sheets to fabricate an anode composite material (SiO₂@CoO/GS) with uniformly dispersed particles and a 3D graphene wrapped yolk–shell structure. The coating of CoO on SiO₂ converted the negative surface charge of SiO₂ to positive, enabling effective electrostatic interactions between SiO₂@CoO and graphene oxide sheets, which provided essential prerequisites for synthesizing composite materials with uniformly dispersed particles and good coating effects. Furthermore, the Co-metal formed during the charge–discharge process can act as a catalyst and electron transfer medium, activating the lithium storage activity of SiO₂ and enhancing the conductivity of the electrode, conclusively achieving a higher lithium storage capacity. Ultimately, due to the activation of SiO₂ by Co-metal during cycling and the excellent synergistic effect between SiO₂@CoO and graphene, SiO₂@CoO/GS delivers a high reversible capacity of 738 mA h g⁻¹ after 500 cycles at 200 mA g⁻¹. The product also demonstrates excellent rate performance with a reversible capacity of 206 mA h g⁻¹ at a high specific current of 12.8 A g⁻¹. The outstanding rate performance of SiO₂@CoO/GS may be ascribed to the pseudo-capacitive contribution at high specific current upon cycling.