Microscopic in situ observation of electromechanical instability in a dielectric elastomer actuator utilizing transparent carbon nanotube electrodes

Abstract

Electromechanical instability (EMI) restricts the performance of dielectric elastomer actuators (DEAs), leading to premature electrical breakdown at a certain voltage. However, macro-level observations using traditional carbon grease electrodes have failed to capture the detailed features of EMI. In this study, we investigated EMI at the microscopic scale by fabricating transparent and conductive single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) electrodes. Our findings reveal that EMI predominantly occurs in highly localized regions with dimensions on the order of tens of micrometers. This snap-through instability is likely induced by pre-existing defects within the elastomer, such as air voids or conductive particles, which reduce the critical voltage required for EMI in the flawed areas. From the perspective of phase transition principles, these defects act as heterogeneous nucleation sites for new phase embryos, thereby lowering the energy barrier for the electromechanical phase transition (i.e., EMI) compared to homogeneous nucleation in an ideally impurity-free elastomer. This study clarifies the longstanding discrepancy between theoretically predicted deformation bursts and the experimentally observed macroscopic continuous expansion of DEAs under low pre-stretch conditions. Additionally, it underscores the critical importance of material purity in mitigating electromechanical instability.