Statistical optimization of cell–hydrogel interactions for green microbiology – a tutorial review

Abstract

In this tutorial mini-review, we explore the application of Design of Experiments (DOE) as a powerful statistical tool in biotechnology. Specifically, we review the optimization of hydrogel materials for diverse microbial applications related to green microbiology, the use of microbes to promote sustainability. Hydrogels, three-dimensional polymers networks with high water retention capabilities, are pivotal in the immobilization of microorganisms and provide a customizable environment essential for directing microbial fate. We focus on the application of DOE to precisely tailor hydrogel compositions for a range of fungi and bacteria either used for the sustainable production of chemical compounds, or the elimination of hazardous substances. We examine a variety of DOE design strategies such as central composite designs, Box–Behnken designs, and optimal designs, and discuss their strategic implementation across diverse hydrogel formulations. Our analysis explores the integral role of DOE in refining hydrogels derived from a spectrum of polymers, including natural and synthetic polymers. We illustrate how DOE facilitates nuanced control over hydrogel properties that cannot be achieved using a standard one factor at a time approach. Furthermore, this review reveals a conserved finding across different materials and applications: there are significant interactions between hydrogel parameters and cell behavior. This highlights the intricacies of cell–hydrogel interactions and the impact on hydrogel material properties and cellular functions. Lastly, this review not only highlights DOE's efficacy in streamlining the optimization of cell–hydrogel processes but also positions it as a critical tool in advancing our understanding of cell–hydrogel dynamics, potentially leading to innovative advancements in biotechnological applications and bioengineering solutions.