Electrode process regulation for high-efficiency zinc metal anodes

Abstract

Aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs) are hopeful energy storage devices due to their low cost and high energy density. However, the side reactions and the growth of dendrites at the anode limit the electrochemical performance of AZIBs. Optimizing the electrode process is crucial for enhancing the performance of AZIBs. Zn²⁺ ions are transported between the cathode and anode through the electrolyte under the influence of an electric field. Zn²⁺ ions undergo desolvation and are preferentially deposited at zincophilic sites. In recent years, significant progress has been made in improving the electrode process. This paper reviews the optimization strategies for each step of the electrode process. Initially, the challenges faced by anodes are presented in a categorized manner. Secondly, the electrode process is clarified, including the diffusion of Zn²⁺ in the electrolyte and surface homogenization at the anode. The desolvation of Zn²⁺ before deposition and the preferential deposition at the zincophilic sites are also explained. Lastly, the challenges and future perspectives of Zn²⁺ deposition in AZIBs are addressed. It is expected that this review will provide effective strategies for constructing high-performance AZIBs.