Electrode–electrolyte interphases in lithium-based rechargeable batteries with ionic liquid electrolytes: recent advances and future perspectives

Abstract

The development and design of electrolytes are significant for realizing a new generation of lithium-based batteries with high energy density and safety. Ionic liquids have emerged as promising and safer alternatives to conventional organic electrolytes, showcasing attributes such as high stability, flame retardancy, wide electrochemical windows, non-volatility, and moderate ionic conductivity. A profound understanding of ionic liquid-based electrolytes yields valuable insights for enhancing battery design, assembly, and operation. Evaluating the electrolyte and the interphase formed on the electrode remains a critical challenge in electrolyte design. This work comprehensively examines the physical and chemical properties of ionic liquid-based electrolytes, drawing comparisons between the traditional organic electrolyte–electrode interphase and the ionic liquid-based electrolyte–electrode interphase. Additionally, it conducts an in-depth analysis of the chemical processes occurring at the interphase between ionic liquid-based electrolytes and lithium battery electrodes, covering the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI), cathode electrolyte interphase (CEI), and interfacial reactions under extreme conditions.