Ca@Cu-CD nanoprobe for dual detection of glycine and ex vivo glycine imaging

Abstract

Hydrothermally prepared copper-doped carbon dots (Cu-CDs) were modified with Ca²⁺, which serve as an excellent platform for the recognition of glycine. The feeble emission of Ca@Cu-CD increases substantially in the presence of glycine due to aggregation-induced emission. At the same time, there was a 5-fold increase in the current response of the Ca@Cu-CD modified electrode as compared to the control. The exceptional combination of fluorescence and conducting properties, along with Ca-glycine interaction, establishes our probe as a dual sensor for the detection of glycine in real serum samples. The limit of detection for this nonenzymatic fluorescence and electrochemical sensing are 17.2 and 4.1 nM, respectively. Furthermore, an extensive evaluation of the toxicity and bioimaging properties in fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster shows that the Ca@Cu-CD probe is not cytotoxic and can be applied for ex vivo imaging of glycine.