Amino acid functionalized phosphorene: an optical sensing platform for the detection of antibiotic residues in milk and a clay based electrical CO2 sensor

Abstract

The demand for rapid, accurate, and affordable analytical techniques is increasing day by day for the routine screening of antibiotic residues in food products. All the available and traditional methods are expensive, labor-intensive, and time-consuming. Considering all these factors, here we have proposed an IFE-based optical sensing platform for the detection of cloxacillin (CSX) in aqueous and real media. For development of the optical sensing platform, we have synthesized a phosphorene–arginine (PhA) composite using a simple one-pot hydrothermal method, which can effectively detect CSX. Additionally, we have calculated the limits of detection in different media, which were found to be about 0.0695 nM, 0.1036 nM, and 0.0604 nM for aqueous media, toned milk, and local raw milk respectively. Along with optical sensing, we have also developed an electrical sensing platform for the detection of CO₂ using the PhA composite incorporated vermiculite (Vm) clay-based freestanding membrane. Upon exposure to a CO₂ environment, the current value increases from 5.80 × 10⁻⁶ to 3.7 × 10⁻³ A.