Optimized Synthesis of Biphasic Calcium Phosphate: Enhancing Bone Regeneration with Tailored β-tricalcium Phosphate/ Hydroxyapatite Ratio

Abstract

Biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) is a bioceramic widely used in hard tissue engineering for bone replacement. BCP consists of β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) – the more soluble and resorbable phase – and hydroxyapatite (HA) – the more stable phase, creating a balance between solubility and resorption, optimally supporting cell interaction and tissue growth. The β-TCP/HA ratio significantly affects the resorption, solubility, and cellular response, with higher β-TCP ratio increasing resorption due to its solubility. BCP is commonly synthesized by calcining calcium-deficient apatite (CDA) at temperatures above 700°C via direct or indirect methods. This study investigated the effects of pH and sintering temperature on BCP synthesized via wet precipitation, aiming to achieve an 80/20 β-TCP/HA ratio, which is known to be optimal for bone regeneration. By maintaining a constant Ca/P precursor ratio of 1.533, the optimal conditions were determined to be a pH of 5.5–6 and a sintering temperature of 900°C, chosen to balance material stability and solubility. The successful synthesis was confirmed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). At the same time, the material's physical and chemical properties were further characterized through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and degradation studies in simulated body fluid (SBF). In vitro tests demonstrated excellent cytocompatibility and osteogenic differentiation, while in vivo studies on rabbit femur defects demonstrated significant bone regeneration, with bone-to-tissue volume ratios exceeding 50% within four weeks. These results highlight the potential of BCPs in bone tissue engineering and biomaterials research