Current status and enhancement strategies for Bi-based materials in nickel bismuth batteries

Abstract

Nickel–bismuth (Ni‖Bi) batteries have emerged as promising alternatives to conventional lithium-ion batteries due to their inherent safety, environmental friendliness and cost-effectiveness. Herein, this review systematically summarizes recent advances in Bi-based anode materials, focusing on their electrochemical mechanism, performance, challenges and optimization strategies. Various enhancement approaches are comprehensively discussed, including constructing hierarchical structures, controlling the morphology, doping, adopting novel active substances and so on. This review concludes with critical perspectives on future research directions. These insights provide valuable guidance for designing high-performance Bi-based materials for Ni‖Bi batteries.