Multifunctional antifouling sustainable membranes integrating MIL-125(Ti) and carboxylated cellulose nanofibers for self-cleaning and dye degradation

Abstract

A multifunctional antifouling sustainable membrane was developed by integrating MIL-125(Ti) and carboxylated cellulose nanofibers (CCNFs) into a PVDF matrix via non-solvent induced phase separation. The resulting membrane exhibited high water flux (up to 410 L m⁻² h⁻¹ bar⁻¹), excellent dye rejection (>97% for MB, CV, MG), strong self-cleaning ability, and outstanding antifouling stability (FRR >94%). This work offers a green and efficient strategy for next-generation water treatment membranes combining physical separation and photocatalytic degradation.