Advances and future prospects of low-temperature electrolytes for lithium-ion batteries

Abstract

Energy storage is a fundamental requirement in modern society. Among various options, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) stand out as a key solution for energy storage in electrical devices and transportation systems. However, their performance at sub-zero temperatures presents significant challenges, restricting their broader use. This review first outlines the structure and components of LIBs, followed by an exploration of the primary low-temperature limitations, such as reduced ionic conductivity in the bulk electrolyte, slower charge transfer rates, lithium dendrite formation, and decreased diffusion coefficients in the solid electrolyte interface and the cathode electrolyte interface layers. Furthermore, it examines various aqueous and non-aqueous electrolytes, including solvents, lithium salts, and additives, along with a comprehensive overview of advancements in the field. The review aims to provide readers with a thorough understanding of the mechanisms influencing electrolytes at low temperatures and offers guidance for enhancing the applicability of LIBs in cold environments.