Role of a hydrophobic microenvironment in catalytic C1 transformations

Abstract

Catalytic conversion of C1 molecules, such as CO, CO₂ and CH₄, into fuels and chemicals is a pivotal area in sustainable energy technologies. This process is crucial for mitigating environmental concerns and closing the carbon cycle loop. Water is a ubiquitous by-product and plays a vital role in these transformations. The presence of water can thermodynamically shift reaction equilibria and poison catalysts, leading to decreased selectivity and efficiency. Gas permeation in multi-phase reaction systems is another challenge in efficient catalyst design. Recent advancements have shown that hydrophobic microenvironments can enhance catalytic performance in C1 transformations by water removal or enhanced gas permeation. This review explores the role of hydrophobic catalysts in key energy-related C1 transformations, focusing on syngas conversion, methane oxidation, and electrocatalytic and photocatalytic reduction of CO₂. By examining catalyst modifications, physical mixing with hydrophobic promoters, and other innovative catalyst designs, we highlight significant breakthroughs in improving product selectivity, yield, and catalyst longevity, emphasizing its potential to revolutionize sustainable fuel and chemical production from abundant C1 feedstocks.