A comprehensive review on the recent applications of nanozymes in breast cancer therapy and diagnosis

Abstract

Nanozymes have been developed as engineered nanomaterials that mimic the catalytic functions of natural enzymes. This review systematically evaluates the potential of nanozymes for detecting and treating breast cancer. The limitations of natural enzymes, which are associated with high cost, poor stability, and limited modifiability, are overcome by nanozymes through enhanced stability, lower expense, and tunable properties. Various nanozyme systems, including bimetallic catalysts, metal nanoclusters, MXene-based materials, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), and carbon-based platforms, are examined. Advanced synthesis methods, such as hydrothermal, solvothermal, and biogenic approaches, are employed to produce nanozymes with well-defined structures and high catalytic activity. Therapeutic strategies are classified into catalytic therapy, sonodynamic therapy (ST), radiotherapy (RT), phototherapy, immunotherapy (IMT), and starvation therapy (ST), while diagnostic techniques are based on colorimetric, electrochemical, photothermal, and photoelectrochemical detection. The relationship between material composition and catalytic performance is analyzed, and challenges associated with drug resistance, tumor heterogeneity, and toxicity are addressed. It is demonstrated that nanozyme-based theranostic approaches are offered as promising alternatives to conventional treatments. Future clinical applications are expected to be improved by integrating these multifunctional platforms, and the need for safe, efficient, and cost-effective cancer treatment is emphasized. This study provides a clear basis for future clinical research.