Electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction: mechanisms, system-level optimization, and future perspectives

Abstract

The electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction reaction (eNRR) stands out as a promising approach for ammonia (NH₃) synthesis, boasting substantial environmental benefits over the traditional Haber–Bosch process. However, the eNRR still encounters fundamental constraints and persistent technical barriers that hinder its potential to supplant the Haber–Bosch process in industrial NH₃ production. This technological gap necessitates holistic system optimization to bridge the performance disparities. This review systematically examines current advancements in the eNRR, beginning with an analysis of fundamental principles. We subsequently summarize the multi-faceted optimization strategies encompassing reactor configuration engineering, rational catalyst design through advanced material engineering strategies, implementation of standardized NH₃ quantification protocols, and integration of advanced characterization methodologies. Such synergistic optimizations aim to simultaneously enhance catalytic efficiency, operational durability, and energy conversion efficiency in NH₃ generation, ultimately facilitating the technological maturation of eNRR systems under realistic production conditions.