Phenylboronic acid derivatives: advancing glucose-responsive insulin delivery and multifunctional biomedical applications

Abstract

Phenylboronic acid (PBA) and its derivatives have emerged as versatile materials with significant implications in biomedical and industrial applications, particularly for glucose-responsive systems. Their unique saccharide-binding properties, dictated by their tunable pK_a, enable advanced functionalities in drug delivery and biosensing. In diabetes management, PBA-based systems ranging from bulk hydrogels to micro/nanogels and self-assembled micelles offer precise insulin delivery mechanisms that respond dynamically to glucose levels. These materials are further enhanced by their adaptability to diverse routes of administration, including subcutaneous, transdermal, and oral delivery systems. Beyond insulin delivery, multifunctional PBA derivatives combined with glucose oxidase or polymers have been utilized in diabetic wound healing, biosensing, and environment-sensitive therapeutic applications like siRNA and cancer immunotherapy. The integration of PBA into hybrid and dual-responsive platforms continues to expand its utility, paving the way for innovative solutions in personalized medicine and diagnostics. This review explores the chemistry, applications, and future prospects of PBA derivatives, emphasizing their transformative potential in creating responsive, biocompatible, and multifunctional systems for biomedical use.