Cell Membrane-Coated Nanomicrospheres Mimicking Stem Cell Functions Enhance Angiogenesis for Dental Pulp Regeneration.

Abstract

Pulpal infections, often caused by bacteria or trauma, can lead to periapical disease. While root canal treatment (RCT) is the standard for addressing these issues, the lack of nutrient supply following RCT makes teeth more brittle, increasing the risk of fractures and tooth loss. Recent advances have explored stem cell transplantation for pulpal regeneration, aiming to restore vascularization and the pulp-dentin complex. However, this approach faces challenges, such as complex manipulation, low survival rates, and storage difficulties. This study introduces a nanoparticle-based delivery system designed to mimic stem cell functions, enhancing vascular regeneration. Under hypoxic conditions, stem cells from human deciduous teeth (SHED) were shown to release pro-angiogenic bioactive factors. These were incorporated into cell membrane-coated nanomicrospheres to create bionic dental pulp stem cells, allowing sustained cytokine release. In models of hindlimb ischemia and pulp regeneration, this system significantly improved angiogenesis and vascular network reconstruction. Offering a cell-free alternative, this nano-delivery technology provides stable, immune-compatible therapy for functional tissue regeneration, with promising prospects for clinical translation.