BaSbBS4: a record-high-performance birefringent crystal identified by a target-driven closed-loop strategy

Abstract

Exploring infrared (IR) birefringent materials with both large birefringence (Δn) and wide band gaps (E_g) is urgently demanded for high-power optoelectronic applications and has long been a tough challenge due to the intrinsic contradictory relationship between the two metrics. Herein, we developed a target-driven closed-loop framework in coupling with functional motif and crystal structure screening, deep learning assisted high-throughput optical property computation, targeted experiment and mechanism investigation, enabling efficient discovery of potential birefringent materials. Utilizing it, a batch of superior IR birefringent crystals containing planar [BS₃]^3- and/or stereochemically active lone pair (SCALP) groups ([SbS₃]^3-, [SnS₃]^4-, etc) were identified: six with huge birefringence of ∆n > 1.0 and three with both large birefringence of ∆n > 0.5 and wide band gaps of E_g > 3.5 eV. Remarkably, benefiting from a maximal synergy of [BS₃]^3- and [SbS₃]^3- motifs achieved by an optimal assembly of 1D [SbBS₄]_∞ chains, BaSbBS₄ was highlighted and then validated experimentally as the most promising IR birefringent crystal, unlocking a record high birefringence in the wide-band-gap range (Δn = 0.95 & 2.70 eV). This work not only discovers new high-performance birefringent crystals but also offers a universal avenue for precise and efficient evaluation of optical functional materials.