UiO-66-NH2 and its functional nanohybrids: unlocking photocatalytic potential for clean energy and environmental remediation

Abstract

UiO-66-NH₂, an amino-functionalized zirconium-based metal–organic framework, presents great promise as a photocatalyst owing to its superior thermal and chemical stability, tunable structure, and high surface area. More importantly, strategic design and optimization can significantly enhance the photo response range of UiO-66-NH₂ (UNH) and charge carrier separation efficiency. This review aims to offer a comprehensive overview of UiO-66-NH₂ and its hybrid nanomaterials, focusing on their synthesis methods, properties, and photocatalytic applications in environmental remediation and energy production. This article explores the progress made in green and efficient synthesis methods, including solvothermal, microwave-assisted, sonochemical, and mechanochemical methods, which are recognized for their scalability and environmental sustainability. Strategies for enhancing the photocatalytic efficiency of UiO-66-NH₂ hybrid nanomaterials, including heterojunction formation, metal doping, and linker modifications, are explored to improve charge separation, light absorption, and stability. Applications discussed include toxic Cr(VI) reduction, CO₂ photoreduction, dye and antibiotic degradation, and H₂ & O₂ evolution. It also discusses key challenges, such as maintaining stability under operational conditions, enhancing recyclability, and optimizing hybrid systems. Additionally, the review emphasizes the potential of UiO-66-NH₂ as a highly adaptable and promising material, offering valuable perspectives to advance research in photocatalytic applications.