A high-performance chloride-ion battery based on MnO2@V2O5@C cathode synergy

Abstract

Chloride-ion batteries (CIBs) possess high theoretical energy densities and are promising successors to lithium ion batteries. In this study, we present a novel MnO₂@V₂O₅@C cathode design. We introduced a water-in-salt system into the battery, which effectively solved the safety problem. This battery offered the advantages of high performance, low weight, low cost, high flexibility and enhanced safety. Furthermore, it achieved a discharge platform of up to 2.6 V, a maximum discharge capacity of 457.4 mA h g⁻¹, and a cycle life of 1000. The cathode was lightweight, weighing only 0.02 g, and the battery used fewer materials, making it less expensive. It could be arbitrarily folded, punctured and burned (1300 °C) without explosion, and it could be operated normally before complete destruction. Thus, aqueous CIBs exhibit high safety. These advantages make this new type of chloride-ion battery a potential candidate for applications in automotive, portable devices, aerospace and other fields, and it opens a new path for the development of batteries.