Environmental restoration of polyaromatic hydrocarbon-contaminated soil through sustainable rhizoremediation: insights into bioeconomy and high-throughput systematic analysis

Abstract

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous hydrophobic environmental contaminants with carcinogenic properties. Due to their persistent nature, they can be present in diverse ecosystems, making their extraction and accurate assessment from contaminated environmental samples vital for quantification before implementing remediation strategies. Thus, this review explores the major sources of PAH pollution and their assessment techniques such as SPME, LPME, HF-LPME, and USAEME, which facilitate faster PAH extraction while minimizing the use of organic solvents. In recent years, there has been growing interest in nature-based, eco-friendly soil remediation approaches as compared to chemical and physical approaches. Rhizoremediation has emerged as a leading bioremediation method due to its effectiveness in field applications. However, understanding the interactions between the plant rhizosphere and its microbiome is essential, especially since current research predominantly focuses on in situ bioremediation and degradation of PAH compounds through plant-microbe partnerships. In natural environments, PAHs are present in intricate mixtures, and microorganisms operate within interconnected communities. Thus, this review explores the detailed mechanisms of plant-microbe interactions and the role of advanced omics approaches, including genomics, proteomics, and metagenomics, in enhancing the efficacy of rhizoremediation. Rhizoremediation not only aids in the removal of contaminants but also promotes biomass production, thereby enhancing soil fertility and productivity, leading to improved agronomic results. This article also reviews the ongoing advancements in PAH remediation techniques, evidenced by increased patent filings and innovative approaches, contributing to substantial growth in global bioeconomy revenue. Nevertheless, the widespread adoption of rhizoremediation faces hurdles related to marketing and commercialization. Furthermore, this review delves into strategies such as rhizosphere engineering and genetic modifications aimed at expediting rhizoremediation processes in PAH polluted soils.