Engineering strategies in bio-photoelectrochemical cells for sustainable energy and environmental applications

Abstract

Emerging technologies in sustainable energy platforms are gaining significant attention globally. Recently, research has increasingly focused on advanced systems known as bio-photoelectrochemical cells (BPECs) which harness the benefits of both biological processes and photoelectrochemical methods for energy and environmental applications. Researchers are concentrating on improving the performance of BPECs through the use of both photocatalysts and biocatalysts. Photocatalysts are being studied for their application in both anodic and cathodic processes, employing heterojunctions and nanomaterials to optimize solar energy utilization. Additionally, there is a strong emphasis on developing visible light-responsive catalysts through spectral and band gap engineering to enhance solar energy capture. Both photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic microorganisms play essential roles in BPECs by capturing photoelectrons/photoholes and producing bioelectrons, respectively. This review outlines the fundamental principles of BPECs and examines the latest advancements in the field, while also addressing the challenges and future prospects for improving the performance of these systems.