Synthesis, characterization, and toxicity evaluation of ciprofloxacin–chloranilic acid charge transfer complexes: potential for anticancer applications

Abstract

Background: Ciprofloxacin (CIP), an FDA-approved antimicrobial agent, is commonly used to treat a variety of bacterial infections. Recent studies have highlighted its potential anticancer properties, prompting further investigation into its broader pharmacological effects. Aim of the study: This study synthesized new charge transfer complexes (CTCs) resulting from the chemical reaction between the ligand CIP and the π-acceptor chloranilic acid (H₂CA). Method: Spectroscopic techniques were utilized to characterize the newly formed CTC. The in vitro toxicity of this complex was assessed using the MTT assay on a human carcinoma cell line, and the LD₅₀ of the compounds under examination was calculated. The impact of this synthetic complex on the liver and kidneys was evaluated using 30 white male albino rats divided into three groups of ten. Hematological and biochemical tests were carried out on blood samples, and liver tissues were collected for further analysis. The harvested organs underwent histological evaluation. Results: The results indicated that in a liquid state, CIP interacts strongly with the acceptor in a 1 : 1 molar ratio, resulting in a distinct color change that serves as the first evidence of CTC formation. Various chemical techniques as UV-visible, FT-IR, and ¹H NMR spectroscopy, were employed to elucidate the structures generated in the solid state. Conclusion: The synthesized charge transfer complex was screened for its toxicity and anticancer activity.