Recent advances in Hybrid Supercapacitors: A review of High Performance Materials and Scalable Fabrication Techniques

Abstract

Hybrid supercapacitors (HSCs) have emerged as a transformative energy storage technology, bridging the gap between traditional capacitors and batteries by combining high power density with significant energy storage capacity. This review comprehensively examines the recent advancements in materials and fabrication techniques for HSCs. We discuss the fundamental principles and mechanisms that distinguish HSCs, highlighting the roles of various electrode materials, including carbon-based materials, metal oxides, conducting polymers, and emerging composite materials such as metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), and covalent organic frameworks (COFs). The review also delves into the diversity of electrolyte materials, encompassing aqueous, organic, and solid-state electrolytes, and their impact on the performance of HSCs. Key fabrication methods, including chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and hydrothermal synthesis, are outlined, emphasizing their contributions to enhancing material properties and device performance. Performance metrics such as capacitance, energy density, and cycling stability are critically evaluated. Applications of HSCs in consumer electronics, electric vehicles, and grid storage are explored, demonstrating their versatility and potential. Finally, the review addresses current challenges and future directions in the field, focusing on material scalability, environmental impact, and developing next-generation HSCs. This synthesis aims to provide insights and stimulate further research in the rapidly evolving landscape of hybrid supercapacitors.